Understanding and Decoding Keil startup code for ARM Cortex-M Processors
Keywords: Embedded systems, ARM, Keil, Startup code, Boot sequence
While turning on your PC, you must have seen few splash screen, that company logo and OS logo. Its takes few seconds to boot up and bring desktop on screen. There are bunch of things happen in the background that load your OS while booting up your PC.
In embedded systems the ultimate controlling unit i.e. MCU/Processor usually is tightly coupled with the memory and hardware. Like desktop PC, MCUs also passes certain stages before jumping to user code. The steps followed is a combination of both hardware defined and software defined. We have a dedicated tutorial for Boot process in embedded system that will guide you to understand how boot sequence in embedded systems. The link to the tutorial is given bellow.
One piece of code that has critical significance both at boot time and at run is the startup code. The startup code is usually provided by vendors as a part of toolchain and is usually automatically added while creating new project. You can write your own startup code if you have fair grip over Assembly and underlying hardware architecture.
In this tutorial we will try to explain the startup file e.g. startup_tm4c123.s, startup_stm32f4xx.s etc. added to keil projects for ARM cortex-M processor based MCUS e.g. STM32F4xx, TM4C123 etc. etc. The startup file code is written in ARM Assembly (for ARM Compiler like Keil) and is usually provided by the SoC vendor. The startup file provides low level interface between various exception and the underlying hardware. The code also provides entry point for the application linking the Power on Reset event to the main application.
Before moving forward, let’s explain the ARM assembly instructions and directives used in the startup code. It’s not complete list of ARM assembly instruction rather these are the ones used in startup file.
1. ARM Assembly:
Following are the selective ARM Cortex-M instructions used in Startup code.
NOTE: If you are already familiar with ARM assembly, you can skip this section.
EQU: The EQU is not really an Instruction rather its an Assembler directive called the EQUATE directive. Its much similar to #define directive in C and assigns a Label to a numeric number. e.g.
PI EQU 3.14
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